Camphor Oil (Kapoor Tel) — Complete Guide to Benefits, Uses, Safety & DIY Recipes (2026)

By OotyMade · Nilgiris Essential Oils · Updated April 2026

It smells like a temple — but the science behind it reads like a pharmacy manual. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) has been in continuous use as both a sacred and a medicinal substance across India, China, and Southeast Asia for over 2,000 years. In Sanskrit it is Karpura. In Tamil it is Karporam (கர்பூரம்). In Hindi it is Kapoor (कपूर). Every Indian household knows the smell — the sharp, penetrating aroma that rises from the aarti flame, from Vicks VapoRub applied at night, from the camphor mothballs in the grandmother's storage trunk.

What fewer people know is the precise clinical mechanism behind why camphor works, the important safety distinctions that most guides skip, and the critical difference between white camphor oil (safe for therapeutic use) and brown or yellow camphor oil (never safe). This guide covers all of it.

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⚠️ SAFETY FIRST — READ BEFORE USE

Camphor requires more careful safety discussion than most essential oils. Please read this section fully before proceeding to uses and recipes.

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🔴 FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY — STRICTLY Camphor is toxic if ingested. This is not a precautionary statement — it is a documented medical reality. Consuming camphor causes burning of the mouth and throat, nausea, vomiting, and central nervous system effects including seizures, confusion, and in severe cases death. The first symptoms of camphor toxicity appear within 5–90 minutes of ingestion.

Never ingest camphor oil. Never add it to food, water, or any consumable substance. Keep all camphor products locked away from any location accessible to children.

🔴 CRITICAL — CHILDREN: SPECIFIC WARNINGS

This is the most important safety section in this guide.

The lethal dose of camphor for a child is 0.5–1 gram — a tiny amount. Documented cases of infant and child deaths from camphor exposure exist in the medical literature. The American Academy of Pediatrics published specific guidance on camphor toxicity in children in 1994 (Pediatrics 94:127–128) because the risk is well-established and serious.

Seizures have been reported in children following three types of exposure:

• Ingestion (swallowing)
• Inhalation (breathing vapour from a product applied nearby)
• Dermal (absorption through skin application)

For children, the following rules are absolute:

• Never apply camphor oil to the skin of infants or young children
• Never apply camphor products near the face, nose, or chest of children under 12 years — inhalation of concentrated camphor vapour can trigger laryngospasm and seizures in children
• Never use camphor products in enclosed rooms where infants or young children sleep
• For children aged 6–12: camphor-containing chest rubs may only be used on the chest and upper back under adult supervision, at diluted commercial concentrations (products at 3–11% camphor, not pure essential oil). Never near the face.
• Do not use pure camphor essential oil on or around children of any age without medical guidance

The older advice to "avoid use on babies under 2 years" is insufficient. The safety concern extends significantly beyond infants.

🔴 PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEEDING Camphor crosses the placental barrier. Ingestion of camphor during pregnancy can cause abortion. The safety of topical camphor application during pregnancy is unknown — avoid camphor products during pregnancy to be safe. Consult your obstetrician before any camphor use.

🔴 WHITE CAMPHOR ONLY — THE COLOUR SAFETY DISTINCTION

This is essential purchasing and safety information that almost no Indian camphor oil guide explains.

When camphor essential oil is distilled and fractionated, it separates into different grades by colour:

White camphor oil (clear or very slightly pale): The ONLY type safe for therapeutic topical application and aromatherapy. Contains the therapeutic terpenes (camphor compound, 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol) at safe concentrations. This is what OotyMade's camphor essential oil is.

Brown camphor oil: Contains high levels of safrole — a compound with documented carcinogenic and hepatotoxic (liver-damaging) properties. Safrole is banned in food, cosmetics, and therapeutics in many countries including the USA. Brown camphor oil should never be used on the body or inhaled.

Yellow camphor oil: Similarly high in safrole — avoid entirely for any personal use.

Blue camphor oil: Another toxic fraction.

When buying camphor oil: If the oil in your bottle is not clear or very slightly pale yellow, do not use it therapeutically. Genuine therapeutic camphor oil should be almost colourless to slightly milky. Brown or yellow camphor oil is not a lower-quality alternative — it is a different and dangerous compound.

OotyMade supplies white camphor essential oil sourced and checked for correct colour and purity.

🔴 CONCENTRATION LIMIT — MAX 11% The FDA limits camphor in over-the-counter topical products to a maximum of 11%. At higher concentrations, systemic absorption increases significantly. The practical implication: use 3–5 drops maximum in 1 tablespoon of carrier oil for topical applications (approximately 5–8% dilution). Do not concentrate camphor oil.

🔴 AVOID ON BROKEN SKIN Camphor absorbs through intact skin at manageable rates. Through broken, irritated, or wounded skin, absorption is dramatically faster and can reach toxic levels. Never apply camphor products to cuts, wounds, burns, rashes, eczema patches, or any compromised skin.

🔴 PATCH TEST Apply a small amount of properly diluted camphor oil (3 drops in 1 tablespoon carrier oil) to the inner forearm. Wait 24 hours. Discontinue if irritation develops.

🔴 EPILEPSY CAUTION Camphor has CNS-stimulant properties at high concentrations. People with epilepsy or a history of seizures should consult their doctor before using camphor products.

🔴 CAMPHOR ADDICTION — DOCUMENTED IN INDIA Multiple studies from India have documented camphor addiction — habitual inhalation of camphor vapour producing dependency. This is relevant to the cultural practice of prolonged camphor inhalation and to people who find themselves continuously reaching for camphor products for their inhalation effect. If this pattern develops, consult a doctor.

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What Is Camphor Oil? The Nilgiris and South Asian Heritage

Camphor is extracted from the wood and bark of aged camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora) — only trees over 50 years old produce camphor in the waxy resin concentrations suitable for oil extraction. The tree is native to Japan, Taiwan, and China, and has been cultivated across South and Southeast Asia for centuries.

The steam distillation process extracts the volatile aromatic compounds from the wood, producing a complex oil that contains camphor (the primary monoterpenoid ketone), 1,8-cineole (shared with eucalyptus), alpha-terpineol, limonene, safrole (in the toxic fractions), and other terpenes. The white fraction — separated from the toxic brown and yellow fractions — retains the therapeutic camphor, cineole, and alpha-terpineol while removing the safrole.

Camphor in Indian Culture — Karpura's 2,000-Year Heritage

Sanskrit literature references Karpura (कर्पूर) extensively — in the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita (1st–2nd century CE), camphor is described as a pungent, aromatic dravya that "clears channels, calms the mind, and removes Kapha vitiation." It was used in Ayurvedic preparations for respiratory conditions, digestive disturbance, and skin disorders.

Tamil heritage: In classical Tamil literature and Siddha medicine, Karporam (கர்பூரம்) is classified as both a sacred substance and a medicine. Tamil Siddha texts describe its use for fever, chest conditions, and as a fumigant to purify spaces of airborne illness.

The aarti tradition: Burning camphor in Hindu worship (aarti) has both spiritual and practical dimensions. Spiritually, the flame that leaves no residue symbolises the ego consumed by devotion. Practically, burning camphor releases vapour that has documented antimicrobial and antifungal activity — traditional environmental purification grounded in functional chemistry.

In the Nilgiris: The Nilgiris' cool, moist climate historically supported camphor tree cultivation. OotyMade's camphor oil is sourced from quality South Indian producers who supply the white fraction — the therapeutic grade used in the Indian pharmaceutical and essential oil industry.

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Chemical Composition of White Camphor Oil

Note: Safrole is absent or trace in white camphor oil — this is what makes it safe. Brown and yellow camphor fractions contain 10–15%+ safrole.

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The Clinical Mechanism — How Camphor Works

The Counter-Irritant and TRPV1/TRPA1 Mechanism

Camphor is classified as a counter-irritant — it works by stimulating specific sensory receptors in the skin, creating sensations that override and reduce pain and itch signals.

Step 1 — Initial stimulation: Camphor activates TRPV1 (the heat/capsaicin receptor) and TRPA1 (the cold/irritant receptor) simultaneously — producing both warming and cooling sensations at the application site. This is why camphor feels neither purely hot nor purely cold but creates that characteristic "it burns but also soothes" sensation.

Step 2 — Desensitisation: Continued exposure to camphor desensitises the TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors, reducing their sensitivity to pain and itch signals. The nerve endings that were firing the pain response are temporarily quieted.

Step 3 — Increased circulation: The vasodilatory effect of camphor application increases local blood flow — delivering more nutrients and oxygen while clearing inflammatory metabolites from the affected tissue.

This three-step mechanism — stimulate, desensitise, circulate — is the same pharmacological basis as capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate. Camphor is the original member of this class of counter-irritant analgesics.

FDA Recognition

The FDA reviewed camphor in 1983 and recognised it as safe and effective for three OTC topical indications:

1. Analgesic (pain relief): 3–11% concentration
2. Antipruritic (itch relief): 0.1–3% concentration
3. Antitussive (cough suppression): Used in chest rubs at <11%

This FDA recognition is the regulatory basis for camphor's presence in Vicks VapoRub, Tiger Balm, Bengay, and Icy Hot — all major pharmaceutical products that rely on camphor's validated clinical mechanisms.

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8 Evidence-Supported Benefits of Camphor Oil

1. Pain Relief — Counter-Irritant Analgesic

The most clinically validated use of topical camphor. The FDA analgesic approval covers muscle aches, joint stiffness, backache, arthritis pain, and minor pain from strains and sprains.

A 2018 clinical study found a camphor gel produced a 40% greater reduction in osteoarthritis knee pain than plain gel after two weeks of application. An earlier study showed camphor-glucosamine-chondroitin combination cream reduced osteoarthritis symptom severity by approximately half compared to placebo.

The mechanism in practice: When rubbed into a stiff, aching joint, camphor first creates the counter-irritant sensation (warming-cooling), then the desensitisation phase reduces pain signal transmission from the joint, then the vasodilation phase improves circulation to the joint tissue.

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2. Chest Congestion Relief — Antitussive

Camphor is the reason Vicks VapoRub works. Inhalation of camphor vapour activates cold receptors in the nasal mucosa and upper airways, creating the sensation of clearer, easier breathing. The 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) in white camphor oil provides additional genuine decongestant and expectorant activity.

A 2016 RCT found a camphor-menthol chest rub reduced cough frequency in children aged 6–12 by 30% compared to placebo. However — see the children safety section — chest rubs must be applied to the chest and upper back only, never the face, and never on infants.

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3. Itch Relief — Antipruritic

FDA-approved for itch at 0.1–3% concentration. The TRPV1 desensitisation mechanism explains why camphor relieves itch: the receptors that fire the itch signal are temporarily quieted by camphor's counter-irritant action.

Effective for: insect bites, minor skin irritations, mild eczema (not on broken skin), heat rash, and prickly heat — conditions extremely common in India's humid monsoon climate.

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4. Antifungal — Scalp and Skin

White camphor oil has documented antifungal activity against Malassezia species (dandruff fungi), Candida albicans, and dermatophytes (fungi causing ringworm and athlete's foot). The alpha-terpineol and camphor compound together disrupt fungal cell membrane integrity.

A clinical study testing a camphor-containing mentholated ointment on toenail fungus found 28% complete cure with negative fungal cultures and 56% partial improvement. Alpha-terpineol demonstrated the strongest individual antifungal activity among camphor's components.

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5. Head Lice Treatment

The strong aromatic camphor vapour suffocates lice by blocking their spiracles (breathing pores) — a physical mechanism that works regardless of the lice population's resistance to chemical treatments. This is why camphor oil lice treatment remains effective even against permethrin-resistant lice, which are increasingly common in India.

Combined with coconut oil (which separately impedes lice movement through its lipid coating mechanism), camphor oil is the traditional South Indian lice treatment that modern biology has subsequently explained.

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6. Air Purification — Antimicrobial Fumigation

Burning camphor (aarti) or diffusing camphor oil releases antimicrobial compounds — particularly camphor and alpha-pinene — into the air. These have documented antibacterial and antiviral activity in laboratory studies against common pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and influenza virus.

This is the scientific basis for the ancient Indian practice of burning camphor to purify a space — particularly relevant during illness in a household, before ritual activities, and during monsoon season when airborne pathogens are more prevalent.

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7. Skin Conditions — Mild Antimicrobial

At 1–2% dilution, camphor oil reduces bacterial load on acne-prone skin through its antimicrobial mechanism. The counter-irritant properties reduce localised inflammatory redness around active pimples. However: camphor is keratolytic (mildly exfoliating) and can cause dryness with regular use — 1 drop in a face pack is the appropriate approach, not a daily serum.

Camphor has shown efficacy in reducing symptoms of atopic dermatitis (eczema) — a 2019 study found camphor leaf extract reduced immunoglobulin E levels and lymph node inflammation in an animal model of atopic dermatitis.

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8. The Spiritual-Wellness Dimension

This deserves its own section not as superstition but as applied ethnobotany. The Indian cultural tradition of camphor in puja, aarti, and household rituals contains embedded health wisdom:

The ritual: Burning camphor in an enclosed space for 10–15 minutes during morning or evening prayer creates an antimicrobial aerosol environment. The brief, well-ventilated inhalation during aarti provides the counter-irritant respiratory stimulus. The cooling effect on skin and mind is both physical (TRPM8 receptor activation) and psychological (conditioned relaxation response from the familiar scent).

The Ayurvedic description — Karpura "calms Vata, clears Kapha, and opens the senses" — is a traditional framework for the physiological effects that modern science has now mechanistically explained: relaxation of anxious nervous system activity (Vata), clearance of respiratory congestion (Kapha), and sharpening of sensory alertness (opening the senses).

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5 DIY Recipes Using Nilgiris Camphor Oil

Recipe 1 — Joint and Muscle Pain Relief Rub

Based on the counter-irritant analgesic mechanism. For back pain, knee pain, shoulder stiffness, and arthritis-related discomfort.

Ingredients:

• 30ml sweet almond oil or coconut oil (base carrier)
• 8 drops camphor essential oil (white)
• 6 drops peppermint oil (menthol + camphor together = stronger counter-irritant; doubled TRPV1/TRPA1 coverage)
• 5 drops gaultheria (wintergreen) oil (methyl salicylate — additional analgesic; the "aspirin" of essential oils)

Method: Combine in a dark glass roller or pump bottle. Shake before each use.

Application: Apply to the pain area with firm circular massage for 3–5 minutes. The massage itself drives vasodilation independently of the oil. Apply twice daily — morning (loosening stiff joints after overnight inactivity) and evening (reducing end-of-day accumulation of inflammatory metabolites).

The Nilgiris pain trinity: Camphor + peppermint + gaultheria is OotyMade's most effective natural pain blend — three independent analgesic mechanisms operating simultaneously. Camphor's counter-irritant, peppermint's TRPM8 cooling-vasodilation, and gaultheria's methyl salicylate COX inhibition. This is the essential oil equivalent of a multi-mechanism pharmaceutical analgesic.

Safety: Keep away from face, eyes. Do not apply to broken skin. Do not use on or near children.

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Recipe 2 — Chest Decongestant Rub (Adults)

For cold, cough, and chest congestion. The version used by adults — specifically not for children under 12.

Ingredients:

• 30ml coconut oil (solid at room temperature — appropriate texture for a chest rub)
• 8 drops camphor essential oil (white)
• 6 drops eucalyptus oil (1,8-cineole decongestant; the primary Nilgiris respiratory oil)
• 5 drops peppermint oil (TRPM8 airway opening sensation)

Method: Warm coconut oil until just liquid. Add essential oils. Stir. Pour into a small glass jar. Allow to re-solidify.

Application: Apply to chest and upper back at bedtime. Do NOT apply to the face or under the nose. Cover with a warm cloth for amplified effect. The combination produces the full Vicks-VapoRub equivalent effect using Nilgiris-sourced pure oils.

Why this works better than generic VapoRub: Standard Vicks contains camphor (4.8%), menthol (2.6%), and eucalyptus oil (1.2%) in a petroleum jelly base. This recipe uses higher-quality, single-source oils in a cleaner coconut oil base — no petroleum derivatives — with the same three active mechanism compounds.

Safety: Adults and children over 12 (on chest/back only) only. Never near face. Never on infants or young children. Do not microwave to warm — camphor products must never be heated in a microwave (fire risk and explosion of concentrated vapour).

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Recipe 3 — Scalp Anti-Dandruff and Lice Prevention Oil

Ingredients:

• 50ml coconut oil (antifungal base — lauric acid independently antifungal)
• 8 drops camphor oil (antifungal; lice suffocation; circulation)
• 8 drops tea tree oil (terpinen-4-ol; the most evidence-based antifungal essential oil)
• 6 drops rosemary oil (scalp circulation; hair growth; additional antimicrobial)

Method: Warm coconut oil until liquid. Add essential oils. Stir. Store in a dark glass jar.

For dandruff: Apply to scalp, massage 5 minutes, leave 30–45 minutes, shampoo out. 2–3 times weekly.

For lice treatment: Apply generously to scalp and all hair lengths. Cover with a shower cap. Leave 45–60 minutes. Comb through with a fine lice comb before washing out. Repeat every 3 days for 2 weeks (to catch newly hatched lice from eggs).

Why this combination beats single-oil lice treatment: Camphor suffocates lice mechanically. Tea tree oil adds terpinen-4-ol, which has documented lice-killing activity through membrane disruption. Coconut oil coats lice and impedes movement while conditioning the hair. Three complementary mechanisms — significantly more effective than camphor alone.

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Recipe 4 — Itch and Insect Bite Relief Compress

Quick relief for mosquito bites, heat rash, and minor skin irritations — particularly relevant during India's monsoon season.

Ingredients:

• 1 tablespoon aloe vera gel (cooling; anti-inflammatory; skin barrier support)
• 3 drops camphor oil (white)
• 2 drops lavender oil (anti-inflammatory; additional calming)

Method: Mix in a small bowl. Stir well to distribute oils through gel.

Application: Dab onto insect bite or heat rash with a cotton pad. Leave uncovered. Reapply up to 3 times daily.

Why aloe here instead of oil: Aloe vera gel delivers the camphor compounds onto skin in a cooling, hydrating base — particularly important for hot, inflamed bites or heat rash where an oily base feels uncomfortable. The aloe also has its own documented anti-inflammatory activity (aloesin) that compounds the camphor and lavender effect.

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Recipe 5 — Room Purification and Aarti Blend (Diffuser)

For air purification during illness, seasonal transitions, or daily puja use. Not a burning blend — an electric diffuser blend for modern homes.

Ingredients (for electric ultrasonic diffuser):

• 3 drops camphor essential oil
• 3 drops eucalyptus oil
• 2 drops lemongrass oil (mosquito repellent dimension for monsoon season)

Method: Add to 100–200ml water in diffuser. Run 30–45 minutes with the room ventilated (window slightly open). This is important — camphor vapour at high concentrations in an enclosed, unventilated space is counterproductive.

The purification mechanism: Camphor, eucalyptus, and lemongrass compounds are all volatile terpenes with documented antimicrobial activity. Diffused into a room, they reduce the airborne bacterial and fungal load — the same mechanism behind the traditional practice of burning camphor during illness, but in a modern, safer, controllable format.

Ventilation is mandatory. Do not run continuously in an unventilated room. Do not use in rooms where infants, young children, or pets are present.

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Camphor vs. Peppermint vs. Gaultheria — The Nilgiris Pain Relief Comparison

The three together form OotyMade's most potent natural pain blend — see Recipe 1 above.

For the complete peppermint oil guide and the Nilgiris Essential Oils complete guide.

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The Puja Camphor vs Essential Oil Question

The current FAQ in the old blog asks this question and gives a brief answer. It deserves a fuller explanation because confusion here is common:

Puja camphor (tablets/balls): Edible-grade or burning-grade solid camphor made specifically for worship. It burns completely without residue — this purity is specifically for the aarti ritual. It is high-concentration solid camphor (typically 95%+). Do not apply to skin. Do not ingest except specific Ayurvedic preparations. The solid tablet form is not suitable for topical essential oil applications.

Camphor essential oil (white fraction): Steam-distilled oil from camphor wood, fractionated to remove safrole-containing components. Used for topical pain relief, chest rubs, hair and scalp care. Much more dilute than solid camphor — approximately 30–60% camphor content in a complex oil matrix with other terpenes. This is what OotyMade supplies and what this guide describes.

Camphor water / Karpoora jalam: Traditional South Indian preparation of camphor dissolved in water, used for facial skin care (cooling, brightening, antimicrobial). Distinct from the essential oil. Very small amounts of solid camphor dissolved in water create a dilute solution appropriate for topical face use.

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Storage and Shelf Life

• Shelf life after opening: 2–3 years — camphor is one of the more stable essential oils
• Store: Amber glass, tightly capped, cool dark location
• Do not store near heat sources — camphor is flammable in concentrated form
• Signs of degradation: The sharp medicinal character softens and loses its penetrating quality

For the complete India-specific essential oil storage guide: How to Store Essential Oils in India.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Can I use camphor oil on my baby or toddler? No. The safety evidence is clear that camphor products pose serious risk to infants and young children — including documented cases of seizures and deaths from camphor exposure at doses that would be harmless to adults. The "apply to clothes not skin" suggestion in some guides is also insufficient given documented inhalation exposure risks. Do not use camphor products on or near infants and young children. For older children (6–12) requiring a decongestant chest rub during a cold, use only commercial products at approved camphor concentrations (products like Vicks VapoRub, not pure essential oil), applied to chest and upper back only, never near the face.

What is the difference between white and brown camphor oil? This is one of the most important quality distinctions in camphor essential oil. White camphor oil (clear or very slightly pale in colour) is safe for topical therapeutic use — it contains the therapeutic camphor compound and 1,8-cineole. Brown and yellow camphor oils are different fractions containing high levels of safrole — a carcinogen banned in food and cosmetics. Always verify your camphor oil is white/clear before any topical use. If the oil in your bottle is brown or yellow, do not use it on your body.

Why is camphor used in Hindu puja? Burning camphor in aarti has both sacred and practical dimensions. Spiritually: the flame consuming completely without ash symbolises the ego dissolving in divine devotion. Practically: camphor vapour released into the prayer space has documented antimicrobial activity — an ancient form of environmental purification that modern science has confirmed. The briefly inhaled vapour during aarti also creates the clarifying sensory effect that traditional practice describes as "opening the mind" — the TRPM8-like stimulation of nasal receptors sharpening sensory awareness. Traditional wisdom and functional chemistry aligned over millennia.

Can camphor oil help with mosquito repellence? Yes — camphor is an effective insect deterrent. Its volatile monoterpenes create an olfactory environment that repels mosquitoes, cockroaches, moths, and other insects. Placing cotton balls with camphor oil in storage areas repels moths from fabrics and insects from kitchen spaces. For mosquito repellence specifically, combining camphor oil with citronella oil provides a more comprehensive DEET-free repellent than either oil alone.

Is camphor oil the same as Vicks VapoRub? Vicks VapoRub contains three active essential oil compounds: camphor (4.8%), menthol (2.6%), and eucalyptus oil (1.2%) in a petroleum jelly (petrolatum) base. OotyMade's camphor essential oil is pure white camphor oil — a more concentrated single ingredient that you blend yourself into a carrier. Recipe 2 above provides the DIY equivalent using OotyMade's camphor, peppermint, and eucalyptus oils combined in coconut oil.

Is camphor addictive? This is a documented concern, particularly in India. Medical case reports describe habitual camphor inhalation producing dependency — people compulsively smelling solid camphor or camphor oil throughout the day. The neurological mechanism is not fully established but likely involves the strong olfactory-limbic activation that camphor produces. If you notice a pattern of compulsive camphor inhalation or find you need camphor products continuously rather than therapeutically, consult a doctor.

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Related Essential Oil Guides from OotyMade

Peppermint Oil — Hair, Headache, Pain and Pest Guide Rosemary Oil — Hair Growth and Scalp Complete Guide Tea Tree Oil — Acne, Dandruff and Skin Guide Lemongrass Oil — Dandruff, Repellent and Uses Nilgiris Essential Oils — Complete Guide to All 12 Oils How to Store Essential Oils in India Shop All Nilgiris Essential Oils

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Disclaimer: This blog post is for informational and educational purposes only. It does not constitute medical advice. Camphor is a potent substance with documented toxicity risks. Do not apply camphor products to infants or young children without medical guidance. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before using camphor for any medical condition. OotyMade's camphor essential oil is for external use by adults only — never ingest.

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OotyMade.com — Pure white camphor essential oil. DPIIT Startup India recognised. Dispatched within 48 hours from Ooty, The Nilgiris. Free delivery above ₹500 across India.